The Drug Problem and the Current Justice System Essay

The Drug Problem and the Current Justice System The United States Correctional System is often challenged as to whether it wants to rehabilitate drug offenders or punish them, and because of this it mostly does neither. Even though drug abuse and drug trafficking are widely spread national issues, the mental, social, and economic costs of healing through incarceration are only making the disease worse. Never before have more prisoners been locked up on drug offenses than today. Mixed with the extremely high risks of todays prison environment, the concept of incarceration as punishment for drug offenders cannot be successful. Without the correct form of rehabilitation through treatment within Michigans Correctional System, drug†¦show more content†¦According to the Department of Justice, studies of recidivism say that the amount of time inmates serve in prison does not increase or decrease the likelihood of recidivism, whether recidivism is measured as parole revocation, re-arrest, reconviction, or return to prison(Unite d States National Institute of Justice 21). How much does this apply to drug abuse? A comprehensive study of addiction by John Keene was conducted with three groups of convicts being surveyed, each group at different phases of incarceration. The first group of 134 prisoners was questioned as to whether they were using drugs before they were incarcerated. Almost 74% admitted to using some type of drug before they were imprisoned. In the second group of 119 inmates, 75% were using drugs while incarcerated. This specifically proves that it is very common for an inmate to use drugs while in prison. This also portrays an administration that cannot trust its own employees because, somehow, drugs find a way into the hands of inmates who never left the grounds of the prison. If that isnt disturbing enough, in the third group of 119 convicts more than 82% disclosed using drugs in their communities after release (Keene). How can a non violent drug abuser serving his time in prison attempt to rehabilitate himself and become less of a threat to the community when there is such a largeShow MoreRelatedAbolishing Mandatory Minimum Sentencing On The United States1690 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMARY The concept of mandatory minimum sentencing has been plaguing the justice system of the United States of America for too many years and therefore must be abolished. If mandatory minimum sentencing were to be done away with, then the criminal justice system could finally start to bring desperately needed change to itself and start to get back to where it needs to be; a system that takes people with a problem and returns a reformed individual capable of positively contributing to societyRead More235764916 CJA 394 Week 1 Criminal Justice Overview Paper SAMPLE page only1665 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Select one of the following issues: †¢ Racial profiling †¢ Prison overcrowding †¢ The war on drugs †¢ Increased use of technology †¢ Cultural diversity Write a 1,050- to 1,705-word paper addressing how your selected issue affects the criminal justice system as a whole. †¢ Describe some of the change(s) the criminal justice system as a whole has made in response to the issue you selected. †¢ Include your opinion on whether the changes are sufficient. Should more changes be made, and if so, what changesRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized? Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pageslegalization of drugs is among the most polarizing issues faced by the US government today. The increase in organized crime related to drug trafficking has forced authorities to reevaluate their stance on their legalization issue, and yet there are those in the civil society that oppose such legalization vehemently. Though there is evidence that many of the banned and scheduled substances can be attributed to a range of health benefits and treatment of diseases, the American experience with drugs has beenRead MoreMandatory Minimums And The United States Justice System1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the United States’ justice system has been a model for many countries around the world, the injustice of certain aspects in our court’s system is prominent. Mandatory minimums are just o ne example the of injustice in our justice system. The Supreme Court has â€Å"†¦casted doubt on the constitutionality of the federal sentencing guidelines used for nearly two decades† (Kenneth Jost, 2004), despite this, nothing has been done to correct it. And while the idea of mandatory minimums is a good thingRead MoreAfrican Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay915 Words   |  4 Pageshas the biggest prison and jail population in the world not only by population, but also by sheer numbers. Many of these offenders are behind bars for nonviolent drug crimes and statistically more of those non-violent offenders are African American. African Americans are 13% of the United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How far have we really comeRead MoreThe Problem Of The Criminal Justice System991 Words   |  4 PagesT he criminal justice system in the United States of America has major disparities that are negatively affecting our nation, specifically, those individuals who come from a low-socioeconomic status and who oftentimes end up involved in one way or another, with our correctional system. The reality many poverty-stricken individuals and prison inmates face today, along with the research that has been conducted by prominent scholars, show that there is dire need for systematic change, which in turn raisesRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 Pagesvastly complex international or multinational relationships. Within this they attempt to understand the social processes; that is why humans think and behave in a certain way. Concepts and Theories of Criminology and Sociology: The generalisability problem is a concept within feminist criminology that adds women to male knowledge on crime, thereby the findings on men are generalised to women. This concept aims to create a neutral criminological theory that does not have any inherent biases based uponRead MoreSummary Of The ArticleBody Count By Kelefa Sanneh Summary1155 Words   |  5 PagesBody Count by Kelefa Sanneh, Sanneh argues that many African Americans are contesting the very same system that many community members helped to create in the first place. Many African Americans once advocated for harsher penalties, mass incarceration, and more police intervention during times when crime rates were higher. Now, most are criticizing and demonizing those same parts of our justice system for being racially biased as the crime rate drops. 2) In his article â€Å"Body Count†, KelefaRead MoreMass Incarceration And Drug Criminalization892 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent decades, low-income Americans have been facing the consequences of living in a country whose criminal justice system is greatly influenced by skewed prosecution dynamics, and whose structural discrepancies continue to encourage the mass incarceration phenomenon that affects millions of individuals today. At rates higher than Russia and China, the U.S is incarcerating an entire portion of its population based on irrelevant criteria such as affluence and race. The harsh reality that bothRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Has Served As A Focal Point Of Much Of Societal Racism993 Words   |  4 Pageswhite† (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)). These studies propose that while criminal behavior cuts across race and class lines, the common response to these behaviors may significantly influence the course of a potential criminal career. Decisions concerning the most effective balance of responses by law enforcement, social services, and community intervention are critical in determining many of these outcomes. Bias within the criminal justice Historically, the criminal justice system has served as

Slaughterhouses and the packing companies Essay - 2794 Words

â€Å"I wished to frighten the country by a picture of what its industrial masters were doing to their victims; entirely by chance I stumbled on another discovery--what they were doing to the meat-supply of the civilized world. In other words, I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident hit it in the stomach† (Bloom). With the publication of a single book, Upton Sinclair found himself as a worldwide phenomenon overnight. He received worldwide response to his novel and invitations to lectures all over the world including one to the White House by President Roosevelt. In late 1904, the editor of the Appeal to Reason, a socialist magazine sent Sinclair to Chicago to tell the story of the poor common workingmen and women unfairly enslaved by the†¦show more content†¦Sinclair, himself, knew how it felt to be poor stating, â€Å"externally, the story [The Jungle] had to do with a family of stockyard workers, but internally it was the story of my own family† (Folsom 24). His early literary career started with little success, earning not nearly enough to support himself-let alone his family. To know how the poor suffered in the wintertime, Sinclair only had to recall the previous winter in the cabin, when his family only had cotton blankets and a couple rugs on top to stay warm. In Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, he illustrates the theme of socialism in order to show the Chicago meatpacking industry’s inhumane treatment of the common man during the 1920s. Sinclair intended The Jungle to open the public’s eyes to the industries’ wage enslavement of its workers; promoting socialism to be the answer to Capitalistic monopolies. First and foremost, Sinclair promotes the cause of socialism by describing the gruesome conditions that are provided for the workers at the slaughterhouses. The packing companies can care less about the welfare of workers because hundreds of people stand outside their gates waiting for any op portunity to try to do the job just as well or better than the man before them. For example, all companies require the common workers though long hours of work from before sunrise to after sunset; working mesmerized on the task under the radiance of artificial lighting. â€Å"Hour after hour, day afterShow MoreRelatedImmigrant Worker Ethics Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesas they apply to the meat packing industry and immigrant workers. I will discuss the recommendations of the HRW. I will provide my opinion and consider some of the utilitarian and deontological considerations, and conclude this report with a brief summary of the entire analysis, highlighting some of the most significant parts that the report contains HISTORY â€Å"In 1906, Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle uncovered harrowing conditions inside Americas meat packing plants and initiated a periodRead MoreShould Pork Processed Pork Be Banned?713 Words   |  3 PagesPork is processed by transporting the hogs to a slaughterhouse or pork packing plants, individuals are still able to process their own pork if they would like but is not very common. In 2013 there were 606 of these USDA inspected slaughter houses for pork, with 12 of these plants making up over half of the hogs slaughtered in a calendar year (Giamalva 2014, 22). The top 5 packing facilities of 2015 based on their estimated daily slaughter capacity (determined by head per day) are: Smithfield (115Read MoreFast Food Nation Synthesis823 Words   |  4 Pagesup by men and women, these people unknowing of what exactly they have gotten themselves into. The meatpacking, today, has become one of the most dangerous jobs in America. As found by Steven Greenhouse of the New York times, â€Å"†¦the nation’s meat packing industry has such bad working conditions that it violates basic human and worker rights.† Ever since the publication of the famous book by Upton Sainclair--The Jungle— people all over the world have found it necessary for inspections to be consideredRead MoreGeography Of Food : Midterm Exam1630 Words   |  7 Pagescommodity chain becomes controlled by a finite number of producers. In the beef industry consolidation would be at the slaughterhouse and meat packing level. One company would consolidate the steps of production into one facility. Also companies would consolidate the market by only having a small amount of corporations controlling the slaughterhouses and meat packing. Currently, four companies control 87% of the meat production. The definition of a commodity chain can be broken down into two definitionsRead MoreSection 1: Typically, we need a well-balanced meal to give us the energy to do day-to-day tasks and700 Words   |  3 Pageshis book, Schlosser inspects the social and economic penalties of the processes of one specific section of the American food system: the fast food industry. Schlosser details the stages of the fast food production process, like the farms, the slaughterhouse and processing plant, and the fast food franchise itself. Schlosser uses his skill as a journalist to bring together appropriate historical developments and trends, illustrative statistics, and telling stories about the lives of industry participantsRead MoreMeat, China, And Communication Revolutions1373 Words   |  6 Pagescirculation of goods, people, and messages† (Mattelart xiv). This definition is critical to the thesis of this paper, because it alludes to industry being an essential component of communication. T his paper will explore two specific industries: the meat packing industry of the late 19th century and the exportation of consumer goods from contemporary China. I will argue that these are both examples of communication revolutions due to their innate ability to cause mass migrations across countries, in additionRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal1377 Words   |  6 Pages In the book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser talks about the working conditions of fast food meat slaughterhouses. In the chapter â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job,† one of the workers, who despised his job, gave Schlosser an opportunity to walk through a slaughterhouse. As the author was progressed backwards through the slaughterhouse, he noticed how all the workers were sitting very close to each other with steel protective vests and knives. The workers were mainly young Latina women, who worked swiftlyRead MoreThe Slaughterhouse By Upton Sinclair And Fast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser1015 Words   |  5 Pagesinside the factory. Schlosser mainly addresses how unfit the conditions are for the workers, while Sinclair informs the reader of how the animals have been neglected in such poor conditions before death. Despite their differing opinions on the slaughterhouse industry; both authors reveal the industry’s extreme lack of sanitary regulations, how dangerous worki ng conditions have been for their employees, and how the livestock packaging process is similar to a conveyor belt. Although Sinclair and SchlosserRead MoreHealth Risks Of The Meat Industry1358 Words   |  6 Pagesprovides its own unique challenges and risks. The meat in the grocery stores is plentiful, but it is very different today than it was prior to this rise in production. While the production numbers provide a very clear idea of how much meat American companies are harvesting and selling, the safety of the system is not so clear-cut. Many experts have weighed in their opinions; some critics call for a complete eradication of the industrial process, while some supporters praise the safety standards thisRead MoreAmerica Is Hungry, And Someone Has Got For Keep Us Fed1363 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumption. Especially so in slaughterhouses and processing plants, as there are many potential contamination hazards, and most depend on human attention to catch and correct. The cattl e may arrive at the slaughterhouse with feces on their hides, which present the first risk of contamination as it can be very difficult to remove the hides from the animal without transferring any of the pathogen bearing feces to the carcass. The second high-risk area in the slaughterhouse is the gutting station, where

The movie platoon free essay sample

What is your reaction to Platoon? How is it similar and/or different to other war films you have seen? What is the films central focus? After watching Platoon, I dropped to marveling why Oliver Stone was adept to make such an effective movie without falling into the trick Truffaut talked about how he made the video riveting without making it exhilarating. Heres how I think he did it. He forsook the choreography that is standard in nearly all war movies. He abandoned any try to make it clear where the diverse forces were in relation to each other, so hat we not ever know where our side stands and where they are. Rather than of assault scenes in which lines are apparently drawn, his battle scenes engage an all together 360 degree qualifications: Any shot might be directed at friend or enemy, and in the despairing hurry of battle, many of his fighters not ever have a clear concept of precisely who they are firing at, or why. Platoon is one of those movies which once seen will not ever be forgotten, and, at smallest for those who were not in Vietnam, will eternally adjust the way in which the conflict is considered. The films central focus is on Vietnams war. 2. What are the political implications and meaning of this film? Explain using examples of scenes in the film. Platoon manages to be authentically Vietnam while still providing a very good storyline with the two Sergeants and their consequences on Juvenile Sheen. The video organizes to use the main plot of the two Sergeants and their dealings with Sheen to really showcase what Vietnam was in a way Apocalypse Now couldnt. For instance, Sergeant Barnes murder of the woman in the town really builds on stress etween Barnes and Sergeant Elias and at the identical times gives a glimpse of what the truth of Vietnam was like. While the movie rarely gets into the relationships between the fghters they are all still kept within the context of the war. Neither the edge tracking philosophizing and introspection of Apocalypse now nor the relationship aim of Deer Hunter is present in Platoon. The video resides grounded in its position and theme. The theme of Platoon is Vietnam not anything additional. Thats why if ever somebody where to inquire you for a movie about Vietnam, Platoon would be the perfect video. They are wraiths, half-seen in the foliage, their occurrence scented on Jungle paths, clues of their route unearthed in ammo dumps buried beneath villages. Rather than, there is the clear sense of hazard all around, and the occurrence of citizens who sometimes enrage the troops Just by standing there and looking bewildered and helpless. One ot the most amazing scenes in the complete movie is a view wit n the town people of a Vietnam city. The view makes the viewer suppose that villagers may be harboring enemy forces and designing against the armies. The soldiers living in fear ot knowing who is on their edge start to get furious. This anger is rapidly turned into violence and madness. Finally the fghters start to misplace it and are eager to murder almost any person on that they suspect. Others fghters try and remain serene and attach with their principles and this directs to some of their deaths. It is easy to realize why soldiers answer to these situations as they do. It is not astonishing that by the end of the view Americans are really killing other Americans. There is Just too much disarray; which appears to be the foremost topic of both this ideo and the war. 3. How is good and evil depicted? Particularly in relation to characters and their actions. What is the morality play described in the John Stone article for this week? In Platoon, the North Vietnamese armed detachment (NVA) and the Viet Cong are backdrop numbers in a more merciless family tragedy a sibling rivalry between a good brother, an evil male sibling, and the least old brother compelled to choose between them. Sergeant Barnes (Tom Berenger) comprises the foremost of the juicers and a man for whom the battle and murdering has become the only world. He s a character who has narrowed his viewpoint of survival to the ability to battle and thus he often steps over the lines of human decency and ethics. The accepted leader of the heads is also a war-torn soldier, but an idealistic one. Sergeant Elias (Willem Dafoe) is a survivor with a sleepy grin who wears two dice and a crucifix round his neck. Elias is the platoons sign of conscience, its Shaman of racial harmony and compassion. The confrontation between Elias and Barnes creates an inward war in the platoon, which hardens the statement of the horrors of conflict, and the conflict in Vietnam in specific. Engaged between Dafoes philosophical Elias and Berengers ruthless Barnes is Sheens Chris, both Everyman and Stones adjust ego, whose purity of soul becomes the stake in an allegorical assault of good and evil. The grisly truth is brought to life by Stones dialogue and emotion-charged battle scenes, lifting thought-provoking inquiries of ethics in this still-resonant classic. 4. Do you agree with the Christian allegorical argument in the Beck article? Explain. Yes, I agree with the same. In The Christian Allegorical Structure of Platoon, Avent Childress Beck hunts for simply to document Stones allegorical structure in researched detail in an effort to display that Platoon is a film which delicacies its assembly to the organized familiarities and emotive solace of the Christian narrative. 5. What is the function of the voice-over in the film? How does it affect our understanding of the film and its political implication? Does the film have to do with class? The video is narrated by a Juvenile fighter (Charlie Sheen) based on Stone himself. He is a middle-class school student who volunteers for the conflict because he considers t his patriotic obligation, and who is told, shortly after he ar rives in the battle zone, You dont belong here. He believes it. There are no false heroics in this movie, and no benchmark heroes; the narrator is rapidly at the point of physical disintegrate, bedeviled by long marches, no doze, ants, snakes, slashes, bruises and unchanging, gnawing fear. In a view near the beginning of the film, he is on guard duty when he apparently sees foe armies approaching his place, and he freezes. He will only step-by-step, innocently, becomes an adequate fighter. The movie is notified in a style that hurries headlong into ncidents. Pondering over the given facts, we conclude that Voice over plays an eternal part in the movie as this the factor which bounds the viewers to the central theme line of the movie. The voice over helps to make the motive behind the movie more clear and demonstrates the effect of war; in this case the Vietnamese war.

Outsourcing ERP Implementation

Question: Discuss about theOutsourcing ERP Implementation. Answer: Introduction Whenever the Company is delegating a part of its business process which can be the non-core operations to a third party, the Company is said to be outsourcing. The concept of outsourcing is nothing new in todays market of globalization (Willcocks and Cullen 2013). The ERP has also gathered popularity in this field as this integrated software helps in assimilating all the data and information altogether. ERP also known as Enterprise Resource Planning can be used to collect and sort out data and other business operations (Parr et al. 2013). The company also has the option of choosing the traditional outsourcing over SaaS (Dhar 2012). The report looks into the difference between the two and seeks to understand the advantages and disadvantages of both. A vital consideration with regards to ERP implementation is the security of the database. The ERP has ensured that the database can be easily accessed which brings the security of the confidential data in to light (Hashizume et al. 2013). The PAPA framework of Ethics speaks about the four aspects of security of data Privacy, Accessibility, Property and Accuracy. Discussion: Outsourcing: The term outsourcing has garnered popularity in the recent scenario of globalization. Different terms have emerged out of this specific term like off shoring and near shoring which co relate to outsourcing in terms of its functions. Outsourcing can be defined as the process through which certain components of the business process is contracted to some third-party contractors (Oshri et al. 2015). The term off shoring is used to denote the presence of the external entity in another distant country whereas in sourcing indicates the presence of the entity in-house (Oshri et al. 2015). The chief reason behind the popularity of outsourcing, particularly in the last decade, can be attributed to its utility in the reduction of costs for a Company. The peripheral or non-core business expenses such as the payment of interests and taxes, high energy costs and high government regulations and policies have driven the Companies to opt for outsourcing of their business processes (Gobble 2013). However, the labor cost is also a driving force that has compelled the Companies to look for a comparatively cheaper labor market to make use of (Benito et al. 2013). ERP Implementation Enterprise Resource Planning, popularly known as ERP, refers to a kind of business-management software which can be used by any organization to assemble, store, handle and deduce data from its various activities like manufacturing, selling and shipping products. According to Parr et al. (2013), the ERP presents a total integration of all the business functions and processes which consequently ensures reliability and protection of confidential data. Proper implementation of ERP system would not only ensure integration of the business processes, it would also facilitate seamless flow of information across the processes. The completion of projects within time and budget can also take place with a successful execution of ERP (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). Other benefits include reduction in the cost of logistics and transportation, rise in productivity and flexibility. Conversely, improper implementation of ERP would result in spilling over the set budget, loss of confidential data or system failure (Schniederjans and Yadav 2013). The decision to outsource ERP implementation is dependent on a number of variables. The first factor is related to the overall cost of the implementation of ERP and the organization needs to ensure that the expenses do not exceed the budget. Hence the concept of outsourcing has been adopted (Schniederjans and Yadav 2013). This way the Company can delegate a part of its overall costs to the service providers whose tasks would be to carry on the ERP operations. The organization then concentrates on its core business activities of ERP without getting involved in the day to day operations of ERP (Schniederjans and Yadav 2013). The providers generally charge the Company on a monthly basis and they also get access to the latest upgrades of ERP software which were otherwise unavailable to the Company itself. Traditional Outsourcing and SaaS: The relevance of outsourcing ERP implementation of a Company has been established as undeniable. With the development and advancement of technology, the software package has also been upgraded and updated. The vital reason behind this growth in technology is the availability of broadband Internet to people around the globe (Dhar 2012). Traditional software differs from the latest software like SaaS. SaaS refers to Software as a Service which is a software licensing and delivery model which can be licensed on a subscription basis. It is commonly used by organizations for managing the different applications like message software, management software, human resource management and talent acquisition to name a few (Dhar 2012). The chief difference between traditional outsourcing and SaaS is that SaaS can be accessed from anywhere and through any device (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). SaaS requires only login details and password since the data is stored on the server hosted by the software provider. On the other hand, the traditional software applications are dependent on the desktop because it is installed on the computer. Hence data cannot be accessed from any other device other than the one where it is installed. The ease in accessibility has lead to flexibility of SaaS as the organization can choose to pay only for the services that it wants (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). It ensures that the organization faces no difficulty in paying only for the services utilized without paying extra for the redundant services. Conversely, the traditional software calls for intensive training of an IT section of the Company whose task would be to oversee the software related issues. In terms of cost management, the organization stands to benefit more from SaaS than the traditional outsourcing. Cloud computing promises low maintenance costs thereby cutting down the overall expenses of the Company (Erl et al. 2013). The up gradation of the software is the responsibility of the software provider and it is up to the provider to keep his systems updated (Jadeja and Modi 2012). In case of traditional software, it becomes quite expensive where the individuals will have to buy license every time there is latest software. Relevant Conditions for Choosing SaaS: There are few driving factors which influence the decision of the Companies to determine whether they want to choose SaaS over traditional outsourcing. As noted above, there are several points of difference between the two which have shown that the advantages of having SaaS far exceed that of traditional outsourcing. Three important causes invoke the Company to select SaaS are as follows: Expenditure: The Company would look in to the expenses that would be incurred while adopting the method of outsourcing. While doing so, the Company would discover that the cost of SaaS is much lower than using traditional outsourcing. The cost of ownership decreases with the usage of cloud computing since it can be accessed anywhere hence the traditional cost of maintenance gets minimized. The additional cost of training IT team also reduces in case of SaaS. Speed: Cloud computing is known for its incredible speed which enables faster flow of information since the information is already stored in the cloud or server. When the Company would look for a faster means of receiving and analyzing data, it would choose SaaS over traditional software. The traditional outsourcing uses a desktop equipped with the software the speed of which is lower than SaaS. Resources: The Company also looks for a solution which would require less resources and SaaS answers to that requirement. The service provider would supply the login details to the Company and whenever there will be a need for access to confidential data, the Company can get it by using the login details. PAPA Principles of Ethics: The term ethics refers to the science of morality; in philosophy it means the moral principles that govern the activities and the behavior of an individual. The implementation of ERP also has an impact on the organizations ethical principles. The ERP software integrates confidential data from different departments of the Company (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Hence the Company needs to exercise extreme caution while dealing with such data particularly when there is easy access to such confidential information. The PAPA principles of Ethics come useful in dealing with the ethical issues facing a Company regarding ERP implementation (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). PAPA is the abbreviated form of: Privacy Accuracy Property Accessibility Figure 1: PAPA Framework Source: (as created by the author) Privacy: Every individual has the right to privacy and to protect his personal information from becoming public. However, software packages like ERP as made it easy to get hold of sensitive data of individual or specific departments of the Company. Hence certain protocols need to be maintained to prevent misuse of data (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). In the case of ERP, the software gathers, sorts, files and integrates data of customers which in turn leads to revealing of information to third party vendors. Rising cases of hacking and identity theft have shown that the data mining activities are open to privacy threats (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Accuracy: Accuracy is another aspect of the ethical framework which is a vital factor in data mining. This principle demands the accuracy of the data that is collected and stored regarding the customers (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). The confidential data should be free of errors and it should also be ensured that mistakes are not incorporated in the data intentionally. The corruption of data has become easier these days owing to the easy accessibility of the information (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Property: Property is the second P in the PAPA ethical framework principles and it deals with the ownership rights of the data collected over ERP. Huge amounts of data get collected over the cloud through data mining activities and therefore it is in the right hands (Garg et al. 2013). Here comes the question of intellectual property rights which is an ethical concern for every individual. The sensitive data has the quality of being easily imitated without affecting the original information in any way. Consequently, the owner of this kind of data is bestowed with immense responsibility to prevent misuse of information in any way (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Accessibility: Accessibility refers to that part of the ethical framework which deals with who has access to the data. The advancement of technology has ensured that the internet is easily accessible to anyone and this in turn has made it increasingly difficult to keep sensitive data safe (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Prior to this advancement, the maintenance cost of such records was a cumbersome and tedious job. However, in recent times, the data conservation activity has become easier as well as cheaper. Data can be stored in the cloud easily through software packages like ERP which enables any company to safeguard its data easily. The flipside to such a system is that it is easier to get hacked Justas easily as it can be accessed (Hashizume et al. 2013). Here again, following the ethical principle, utmost caution should be practiced as to who should be able to access this confidential data (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Conclusion: The concept of outsourcing has garnered popularity in the market owing to its various advantages. The companies have taken help of an expert agency whenever they faced shortage of requisite resources or manpower in any area. In this way the performance of the companys improved and they can also concentrate on their core activities. It also helps in the reduction of the overall expenses as well as the operating risks of the Company. The emergence of integrated software like ERP has also helped in assimilating all the business processes and operations together. Again, in terms of outsourcing, companies are increasingly moving towards cloud computing or SaaS over traditional outsourcing. The easy accessibility of cloud computing raises certain ethical concerns which can be addressed through the PAPA ethical framework as explained by Mason in the year 1986. The privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility of the data need to be maintained in order to prevent the misuse and corruption of data. References: Ahmad, M.M. and Cuenca, R.P., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,29(3), pp.104-111. Benito, G.R., Dovgan, O., Petersen, B. and Welch, L.S., 2013. Offshore outsourcing: A dynamic, operation mode perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,42(2), pp.211-222. Dhar, S., 2012. From outsourcing to Cloud computing: evolution of IT services.Management Research Review,35(8), pp.664-675. Erl, T., Puttini, R. and Mahmood, Z., 2013.Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Garg, S.K., Versteeg, S. and Buyya, R., 2013. A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), pp.1012-1023. Gobble, M.M., 2013. Outsourcing Innovation.Research-Technology Management,56(4), pp.64-67. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D.G., Fernndez-Medina, E. and Fernandez, E.B., 2013. An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), p.1. Jadeja, Y. and Modi, K., 2012, March. Cloud computing-concepts, architecture and challenges. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Motiwalla, L.F. and Thompson, J., 2012.Enterprise systems for management(p. 245). Boston, MA: Pearson. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J. and Willcocks, L.P., 2015.The Handbook of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring 3rd Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Parr, A.N., Shanks, G. and Darke, P., 2013. 8 IDENTIFICATION OF NECESSARY FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF ERP SYSTEMS.New Information Technologies in Organizational Processes: Field Studies and Theoretical Reflections on the Future of Work,20, p.99. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Schniederjans, D. and Yadav, S., 2013. Successful ERP implementation: an integrative model.Business Process Management Journal,19(2), pp.364-398. Willcocks, L. and Cullen, S., 2013.Intelligent IT outsourcing. Routledge.

Reflex Essays - Dick Francis, Crime Fiction, Reflex, Mystery Fiction

Reflex Reading Log 1 Reflex is a classic book written by Dick Francis. This is his twenty-second book he has written. I have thoroughly enjoyed all of his novels he has written. When my moms cousin who is a big fan of Dick Francis gave me this, I knew it would be a good book. This book is based on the life of a Photographer. The photographers name is Philip Nore, the book deals with the trauma and a jockey has and how hectic his life is. In the first 50 pages of the book it deals with Philip being approached by his grandmother; (who he hates) and being asked by her to find her granddaughter. It also reveals that George Millace a recently passed away photographer has a secret black-mailing mystery and it is Philips job to uncover the Mystery. As you continue to read my reading logs I hope you will become interested in them and want to read the book for yourself. Reading Log 2 Pages 50 to 100 deal with Philip investigating the mystery and finding the granddaughter. In my opinion I think that these pages were the most boring and monotonous I have read in the whole book. However it has some high points in it. For example when Philip uncovers the first clue which is a picture of two people talking, in a caf?. This is quite exciting for Philip until he discovers who are the two men in the picture and what are they talking about. This comes as quite a surprise to everybody even myself the reader and Philip has a hard time deciding whether or not to tell his George Millaces wife. This is a hard decision for Philip because he knows that Mrs. Millace has been recently devastated by her husbands death. I find this to be particularly interesting, and it is parts like these that make me want to read on. Reading Log 3 My reflections on this section are all positive. This was by far the most interesting section and difficult. Philip the main character is faced with more difficult decisions and I find these decisions to greatly affect the outcome of the book. Philip decides to try and find his sister and maybes become a full-time race photographer, a customer that wants a large job done on the stable, for insurance reasons approaches him. He decides to do the job but not become a full-time photographer. This decision intrigued me and I wanted to read on. Bibliography 1. Dick Francis Reflex Book Reports

The Lost Boys of Sudan essays

The Lost Boys of Sudan essays In 1990 war broke out in Sudan. Thousands of boys as young as three and as old as fifteen ran away in search of a safer environment. They went to their neighboring country of Ethiopia, where they were safe for three years. The boys once again had to take flight. In 1993, the king of Ethiopia was being over thrown which caused the boys to flee. The boys went back to Sudan. Oh their way back they had to cross a river. Thousands had already died due to dehydration and starvation, and others died just from drinking bad water and eating poisonous leaves. Many more died crossing the river. They either drowned or got eaten by alligators. The remainder of the boys traveled to a refugee camp in Kenya. The boys were fed one meal a day along with one gallon of water for drinking, cooking, and cleaning per day. More and more boys came. While at the refugee camp the boys got to go to school but only in the mornings, because in the afternoons there would be dust storms and it was hard to concentra te. In 1998, the United States got evolved and decided that the boys can get a better education in the United States. So they took about a hundred kids by plane to the United States. These boys had never seen snow before and were cold. These boys had never seen a telephone, microwave, or electric stove before. They adapted to their new environment fast. These boys were named, the Lost Boys of Sudan, after Peter Pans orphans. Some of these boys are reconnecting with their old families. ...

Assignment1 with VHDL using Xilinx software version 10.1 Essay

Assignment1 with VHDL using Xilinx software version 10.1 - Essay Example A serial register operates serially, accepting and transferring data one bit at a time, while a parallel register operates on a parallel fashion accepting and transferring all the bits simultaneously. Since mere transferring or storing data in digital circuits is literally achieved by shifting the bits, the registers specifically used for storing and retrieval purposes without any manipulations, are called shift registers. A shift register is generally designed with a series of flip-flops connected in the form of a chain such that the output of one is connected to the input of the other expect the output of the last one which is the actual output of the circuit. A universal shift register is one that incorporates all the features that are applicable for shifting operations including parallel input/output, left/right-shift serial inputs, operating mode control inputs (S1 & S0) and direct overriding clear line (RESET), etc. 2. Design Overview For this assignment, a 4-bit universal shift register is designed in VHDL (VHSI Hardware Description Language) and simulated in VHDL IDE- Xilinx ISE. VHDL is generally used to write down the entire digital circuit description and its logic in the form of code or program. The circuit description is defined as entity and the logic as process. ... Schematic view of 4-bit universal Shift Register created in Xilinx ISE The input S1 and S0 act as control signals which determines the mode of operation of the shift register. The possible combination of the two signals along with the required mode of operation are summarised in the below table: S1 S0 Action 0 0 Hold (retain the previous state) 0 1 Shift left 1 0 Shift right 1 1 Parallel load 3. Design Solution Based on the above truth table for possible combinations of control signals, the state function table is derived for all combinations of input signals and control signals with respect to RESET and CLOCK signals and is summarised below: RESET Mode Clock Serial IN Parallel IN OUTPUTS _RST S1 S0 CLK SIL SIR D0 D1 D2 D3 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 X X Not ? X X X X X X Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 0 0 0 ? X X X X X X Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 0 0 1 ? 1 X X X X X Q2 Q1 Q0 1 0 0 1 ? 0 X X X X X Q2 Q1 Q0 0 0 1 0 ? X 1 X X X X 1 Q3 Q2 Q1 0 1 0 ? X 0 X X X X 0 Q3 Q2 Q1 0 1 1 ? X X D0 D1 D2 D3 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 X – don’t care condition low to high clock transition In order to achieve the above functionality using VHDL programming, behavioural approach of VHDL is employed in the process definition. This approach is chosen due to the fact that it is purely behaviour oriented and highly independent of the design implementations and will not change with changes in design approach for the same behaviour. The process is defined with the circuit’s behavioural architecture and the event attribute on the CLK signal is employed, to realize the clock signal state change. Since RESET signal is asynchronous and needs immediate action irrespective of the states of other inputs, RST is checked at the beginning of the process

Basketball Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Basketball Court - Essay Example Personnel Roles 8 Project Manager: Sultan Malki 8 Assistant Project Manager/Quality management: Hassan Hazime 9 Resource Management and communication: Majid Altaweraqi 9 Task Management and assistant resource manager: Khaled Alqahtani 9 Research and Information Management /Cost analysis: Mohammed Dashti 10 Project Team Manager/ Project change Manager: Tamer Turjuman 10 Project Cost Analysis and Duration 12 Work breakdown structure 13 Location 14 Plot Pictures 15 Back view 15 Front View 16 Aerial View 17 Appendix 18 Fundraising requirement 18 Conclusion 20 Reference 22 Benefactor contacts 23 Background The main purpose of the proposed basketball court project is to provide an alternative outdoor recreation facility to the surrounding community of NW 27th Terrace in the city of Miami specifically in Midtown. This area is not quite the typical, safe residential area where facilities are spread throughout the district. So, it is considered somewhat a poor community in Miami where many si milar struggling neighborhoods exist in this city. In addition to that, there are houses and a public school located within a walking distance from this empty property that has been assigned to be a basketball court. The facility usage will not be limited to a certain group in that area. All community members will have an equal chance to use the basketball court. An outdoor basketball court provides another venue for recreational sports to host intramural activities and a place of open recreation for all community members. In addition, being involved in sports and outdoor activates is a good way to relief stress and anger. Consuming energy at a basketball court is safer and more beneficial to community members rather than being active on the streets that can lead to injury or crime; according to the Australian Institute of Criminology, â€Å"sport and physical activity have crime prevention potential.† Project initiation Project selection To build an outdoor basketball court within 6 months with a starting budget of $5000, in order to reduce gang violence Vision and benefits Reduce gang violence Engage young members to be active in the community Benefit the community, economically, socially and educationally Project Planning Key Staff Project Manager (PM) 2 Assistant Project Managers (APM) Public Relator (PR) Sports Surface Construction Cooperation Project Charter In the United States, the U.S. department of justice authorizes the action to construct and build a basketball court. In order to construct a basketball court, certain specification is required by the outdoor sports construction companies and by the suppliers. Fundraising shall come from Miami Dade County ($10,000), Neighborhood Donations ($5,000), Nike ($300,000), Urban Development ($50,000), Miami Heat Charity Organization ($100,000),and Spalding corporation ($35,000) Scope Statement Project Objective The primary objective is to build an outdoor basketball court within 6 months located at 21 3 NW 27th Terrance, Miami FL. Deliverables I. A standard high school or outdoor court (actual coverage 51’0’’ X 84’0’’) II. Concrete Slab (51’2’’ X 84’2’’) III. Two Fixed-Height, In-Ground Hercules Basketball System Models IV. Fixed- Height surrounding Fence with Openings V. Simple freestanding aluminum bench for sports court VI. An 8000 watt lighting system

Co-Operative Practice and Philosophy of Working Together Essay

Co-Operative Practice and Philosophy of Working Together - Essay Example Co-operative members face the challenge of implementing their strategies effective such that every member contributes effectively to the activities of the group. Most of the times students fail to grasp individual accountability and positive interdependence in the right way results in some members perform most of the task and other just signing off as if they did the work but ultimately claim they took part in the activities. Furthermore, there is the tendency of the emergence of the ‘bossy’ students who is usually think they perform better than others and therefore refuse to allow the contribution of members considered to be poor in academics (Kagan & Kagan, 2009). Eventually, come students will learn nothing from the group. Corporative learning was developed based on the educational rationale that was propagated from socialization needs as opposed to academic needs. This perspective can be disadvantageous to some of the corporative members. Member contribution is seen as a way of achieving a social entitlement and therefore, low achievers are belittled by the higher achievers. Moreover, making the ultimate educational goal as a group affair inhibits individual education (Johnson & Johnson, 2005). Group contingencies are also responsible for development of peer pressure as members try hard to conform to influenced behavior, which can be very detrimental. Peer pressure is highly inherent in groups with many cases of conflicts as members try to achieve consensus by making affiliations with others to suppress the differences.

The Sleeping Barber Problem Philosophy Essay

The Sleeping Barber Problem Philosophy Essay This report includes concurrent programming and deadlocks that were created and analysed throughout the report. There are two parts that include in the report; The Sleeping Barber Problem and The Dining Philosophers. The report includes every method that was used to complete both parts; this includes explaining and describing. For my references I used a couple of websites to help me understand more about the concept. Introduction In this report I have included two parts these are as follows: The Sleeping Barber Problem The 1st part of my assignment is about a barber shop. I have written a program to simulate the use of a monitor to coordinate the operation of the barber and the clients. The barber shop includes only one barber that works.  The living room is divided into a waiting room with a fixed number of chairs and a table with comics, and a workroom where the barber cuts hair of a customer.  Incidentally this work room serves as bedroom when it was not customer as our barber has the nasty habit of partying all night, so it catches up on sleep lost when the room is quiet.   When a customer arrives, it opens the door to the salon.  If no space is available, it remains outside. Otherwise it will sit in an empty chair.  At the opening of the door chime sounds to awaken our Venetian barber if he had bitten a nap.  When the barber releases a client, it does not have the right to sleep if there is room in the world.   When the barber finished cutting a customer, it pays 10 francs. Then he leaves the room.  The barber takes the next customer, if he goes to bed   and so on. The Dining Philosophers The 2nd part of the report is about one of Dijkstras more delightful contributions is his problem of the Dining Philosophers. It illustrates many of the subtle problems inherent in concurrent programming. The Sleeping Barber Problem Approach to the program and Analysis The barber shop has many different types of solutions as many different types of program languages can be used to solve the problem. I had many different types of thought, but then came to a stage and chose to use Java coding as I have more experience in this program. The threads Our program will be divided into two types of threads.  On one side there will be the barber, represented by a single thread looping constantly to see if a customer expects, take care of him if necessary or when going to bed.  On the other side there will be a thread per client, which simulate the physical customer.  He will try to return to the store, will sit if he can, will shave and disappear.   While our program will have one barber, there may be as many customers as men on the planet (or at least memory space).  Threads so customers will stack until the space become available in the waiting room, and then the barber takes care of them. I will now show what each the barber and customers role are inside the program: What is the barber? The thread symbolizing the barber will be unique.  It will START s launch, customer foremost and will loop on itself for eternity.   Heres what our barber is to spend his life on: Is there anyone in the waiting room?  If so I take care of his case, if I not go to bed and have a nap When a client I do is enter the slaughterhouse; I cut hair I get my money then he leaves Obviously, when you get to the end we re-loop. This re-loop is done as many different actions are taken therefore its needed in Java programming. What is the customer? Here are the actions that realize the thread symbolizing each client.  If there are multiple clients, identical threads will compete: I look in the salon to see if theres room to spare.  Whether I go or I expect; When Im inside I sit on a chair I expect that the barber is free; I get up from my chair (and thus frees up) and I enter the room; I let his beard trimmed; When he finished, I pay and I get home. Read comics if seat available at waiting room Looking at the size difference between the action list of the barber and the customer, we note that the customer is more things.  In fact, the customer must manage additional resources from the barber the free space in the waiting room when present at the exhibition entrance. Resources Writing and explaining how the program will be running plays a big role in having a successful program. I have to know what type of resources and the needs of the program I need to make it work perfectly. The needs: Firstly it is clear that we will have a semaphore on the number of seats available in the waiting room.  It will limit the number client can find the room simultaneously.  When a client is present supernumerary the thread will wait for the release of the resource (the chair).   Now we must manage the sleep of the barber.  We need a semaphore blocking the barber when there is no client.  It must be incremented to the arrival of each client and initialized to zero.   Must thread the barber and the customer have a time in common when haircuts takes place.  There are a myriad of  bitouilles  possible, but the simplest is to have two semaphores: one for the clients arrival, the second for his departure.   Heres how the four semaphores will be used in our  virtual barber: places Number of seats available in the waiting room of the exhibition upon arrival of a client, it performs a  wait  on the semaphore.  If the number is zero free space on his arrival, he will wait for a client releases a chair.  The client makes a  post  when he managed to enter the room of the barber (so it rises from the chair). salle_vide The semaphore  salle_vide  corresponds to a value equal to the number of customers in the waiting room.  it is 0 when the latter does not have any customer.  The barber performs a  wait  on the semaphore and crashes (goes to sleep) when the room is empty. room This semaphore is initialized to 0.  Any customer arriving in the waiting room waits for the release of this resource.  He was released by the barber when it is ready to receive a clients piece of work. Out The purpose of this semaphore is very similar to the previous one.  The client performs a  wait  is over and the barber freeing this resource by a  post  when he finished shaving the customer.  While the semaphore before the start synchronization shaving, it synchronizes the end. I will now present a summary of the evolution of each of these semaphores during the passage of a client in the salon.  I guess the room is empty before it happened and that no other client comes while he is there.  I do not dà ©crierai lock operation, it is quite explicit.   places salle_vide room out action initial state 8 0 0 0 exec (hand) barber lying 8 (0) 0 0 b:  wait (salle_vide) arrival of a customer (8) (0) 0 0 c:  wait (squares) the client asseoie 7 + (0) 0 0 c:  post (salle_vide) the client waits 7 0 (0) 0 c:  wait (piece) Client Home 7 0 + (0) 0 b:  post (piece) between the customer 7 0 0 0 c:  post (places) shaving client 8 0 0 (0) c:  wait (outside) the barber shaves 8 0 0 (0) b:  sleep () it releases its customer 8 0 0 + (0) b:  post (outside) Semaphores framed by a pair of parentheses mean that  wait  has been done on this resource and a thread is blocked, waiting for the release of this resource.  + Means that the  post  has been taken. Program Organisatized Our program virtual the barber  has three global variables: Four semaphores The lock to the body The value of the fund It also has two functions:  proc_barbier  and  proc_client  respectively procedures barber and client.  The main program (main) deals first initialize the semaphore and lock.  Then it creates the thread corresponding to the barber.  It goes straight to bed since no customer has yet been created.  Simulating client threads are created one by one dynamically when the user presses the I entry.  If he lets his finger pressed the button a few seconds can quickly create a large number of clients.  The results of the application are sent to standard output (stdout). Instructions for use:  On a fast station this small program can quickly make mistakes.  Under the Linux operating system the machine uses the kernel call  clone ()  to create a new thread, which has the effect of creating a new process.  In my tests I found (after falling asleep myself on the  entry   key) with more than 200 client process waiting for my poor barber. There are two main methods used inside the program this includes the following; Barber; while(1) { P(Customers) //wait for C and sleep P(accessSeats) //mutexprotect the number of available seats NumberOfFreeSeats++ //one chair gets free V(Barber) //Bring in a C for haircut V(accessSeats) //release the mutexon the chairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. //here the B is cutting hair This green highlighted writing is showing the comments of the codes.} //while(1) Customers while(1) { P(accessSeats) //mutexprotect the number of available seats if ( NumberOfFreeSeats> 0 ) { //if any free seats NumberOfFreeSeats //sitting down on a chair V(Customers) //notify the B V(accessSeats) //release the lock P(Barber) //wait if the B is busy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. //here the C is having his hair cut } else { //there are no free seats V(accessSeats)//release the lock on the seats //C leaves without a haircut } }//while(1) The Dining Philosophers The example below shows a solution where the forks are not explicitly represented. Philosophers can eat if you eat any of its neighbors. This is comparable to a system where the philosophers who cannot get the second fork must leave the first fork before they try again. In the absence of locks associated with the forks, philosophers must ensure that the decision to start eating is not based on stale information on the state of the neighbors. Eg if philosopher B sees that A does not eat, then turns and looks C, A could begin eating while B looks at C. This solution avoids this problem by using a single mutex lock. This lock has nothing to do with the holders, but with the decision procedures that can change the states of the philosophers. This is ensured by the monitor. The test procedures, collection and observation are local offensive to monitor and share a mutex lock. Note that philosophers who want to eat do not hold a fork. When the monitor allows a philosopher who wants to continue eating, the philosopher acquires again the first fork before picking up the second fork now available. When done eating, the philosopher will signal to the monitor that both forks are available now. Note that this example does not address the problem of hunger. For example, the philosopher B can wait forever if meal periods of philosophers A and C always overlap. To also ensure that no philosopher is hungry, you could keep track of the number of times that a philosopher cannot eat when hungry neighbors leave their holders. If this number exceeds some threshold, the state of the philosopher could change to Hunger, and the decision procedure for collecting holders could be increased to require that none of the neighbors go hungry. This further reduces dependence coincidence. The lifting of the threshold for the transition to the Hungry reduces this effect. In 1984, K. Mani Chandy and J. Misra proposed a different solution to the problem of dining philosophers have considered arbitrary reagents (numbered P , P) compete for an arbitrary number of resources, unlike Dijkstra solution. Also fully distributed and does not require any central authority after initialization. However, violates the requirement that the philosophers do not speak to each other (due to the prompts). For each pair of philosophers who compete for a resource, create a fork and give it to the philosopher with the lower ID. Each holder may be either dirty or clean. Initially, all forks are dirty. When a philosopher wants to use a set of resources (ie eating), must obtain the holders of its neighbors that fall. When a philosopher with a fork receives a request message, keeps the fork if it is clean, but leaves when it is dirty. If you send the fork, the fork cleans before doing so. After a philosopher is done eating, all his forks become dirty. If another philosopher had previously requested one of the forks, clean the fork and sends it. This solution also has a large level of coincidence and has solved a problem arbitrarily large. It also solves the problem of hunger. The clean / dirty labels serve as a way to give preference to process more hungry and a disadvantage to processes that just eat. One might compare its solution one where the philosophers are not allowed to eat twice in a row while others use forks between. Their solution is more flexible than this, but has an element that tends in that direction. In their analysis take a tiered distribution preferred holders and their states clean / dirty. They show that this system can describe an acyclic graph, and if so, the operations in their protocol cannot convert that one cyclic graph. This ensures that the deadlock cannot occur. However, if the system is initialized to an absolutely symmetrical, like all philosophers holding their forks on the left, then the graph is cyclic in the beginning, and its solution cannot prevent a deadlock. Initializing the system so that the IDs below philosophers holders have dirty ensures that the top graph is acyclic. Implementations of a typical philosopher I will now be commenting on some of the implementations of a typical philosopher: Figure 2.2 1 typicalPhilosopher() //Name 2 { 3 while ( true ) // while loop used 4 { 5 think(); //typical philosopher is thinking 6 7 pickUpLeftFork(); //typical philosopher picks up the left fork 8 pickUpRightFork(); //typical philosopher pick up the right fork 9 10 eat(); //typical philosopher is now eating 11 12 putDownLeftFork(); //typical philosopher puts down the left fork 13 putDownRightFork();//typical philosopher puts down the right fork 14 } // end while 15 16 } // end typicalPhilosopher Figure 2.3 1 typicalPhilosopher()//Name 2 { 3 while ( true ) // while loop used 4 { 5 think();//typical philosopher is thinking 6 7 pickUpBothForksAtOnce(); //typical philosopher picks up both folks 8 9 eat();//typical philosopher is now eating 10 11 putDownBothForksAtOnce();//typical philosopher puts both folks down 12 } // end while 13 14 } // end typicalPhilosopher Figure 2.4 1 typicalPhilosopher()//Name 2 { 3 while ( true ) // while loop used 4 { 5 think();//typical philosopher is thinking 6 7 while ( notHoldingBothForks ) //while loop used so that typical philosopher cant pick up both folks at once 8 { 9 pickUpLeftFork();//typical philosopher pick up the left fork 10 11 if ( rightForkNotAvailable ) //he picks up the left for in the previous if he hasnt got the right fork available 12 { 13 putDownLeftFork();//typical philosopher puts the left fork down 14 } // end if 15 else //if else statement used to make it work properly 16 { 17 pickUpRightFork();//typical philosopher picks up the right for 18 } // end while 19 } // end else 20 21 eat(); 22 23 putDownLeftFork();//typical philosopher puts the left fork down 24 putDownRightFork();//typical philosopher puts the right fork down 25 } // end while 26 27 } // end typicalPhilosopher Figure 2.5 1 typicalPhilosopher() 2 { 3 while ( true ) 4 { 5 think();//typical philosopher is thinking 6 7 if ( philosopherID mod 2 == 0 )//if the remainder is not 0 it performs action if 0 then performs the action 8 { 9 pickUpLeftFork();//typical philosopher picks up the left fork down 10 pickUpRightFork();//typical philosopher picks up the right fork down 11 12 eat(); 13 14 putDownLeftFork();//typical philosopher puts the left fork down 15 putDownRightFork();//typical philosopher puts the right fork down 16 } // end if 17 else 18 { 19 pickUpRightFork();//typical philosopher picks up the right fork 20 pickUpLeftFork();//typical philosopher picks up the left fork 21 22 eat();//typical philosopher is eating 23 24 putDownRightFork();//typical philosopher puts the left fork down 25 putDownLeftFork();//typical philosopher puts the right fork down 26 } // end else 27 } // end while 28 29 } // end typicalPhilosopher As you can see from the above figure of the typical philosopher different types of condition and statements were used. These statements and conditions allow the program to implement different types of actions. Conclusion Recommendation

The Three Facets of the Christian Walk :: Biblical Bible Christian Religious Essays

The Three Facets of the Christian Walk As I begin this essay, I pray that I might be able to "rightly divide the word of truth", so that I need not be ashamed (2 Tim 2:15). This being my goal, I hope that you the reader might learn something from this essay. Remember though, to be as the Christians in Thessalonica, and examine all teachings based on their faithfulness to the scriptures (Acts 17:11). As Christians, we are to go through life in a certain way. In Matthew 7:13-14, Jesus tells us that the proper path in life is narrow. Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide [is] the gate, and broad [is] the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: Because strait [is] the gate, and narrow [is] the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. What then is this path? Well, as Christians, we know that the path to Eternal Life is through Jesus. Jesus tells us in John 14:6 that, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. So we know that, as Christians, we have already turned to face the right direction. As all Christians certainly know, though, the story does not end with the Sinner's Prayer. After that day of salvation, we must go to sleep, and then rise again the next morning, again having to face a fallen world. In order to be the "Salt of the World", as we are told we are in Matthew 5:13, we must know how to walk. Certainly one that follows all of the dictates of the scriptures is doing right (all of the dictates, NOT just the rules of action). It is my belief that the Christian walk can be broken down into three inter-related Facets. The first of these facets is Worship. The word "worship" appears in the King James Version of the Bible 108 times. Under the classification of worship, one could include such things as praise, prayer, and thanksgiving. Worship, though, is more than these things. One can worship in all things, because to worship is to give glory to God (1 Peter 4:11). One can give glory to God by having a heart attitude of thanksgiving and praise when walking through a grocery store, through the woods, or down a street.

Discussion: Risk Mitigation Control Essay

When it comes to risk management, risk mitigating controls are the key to reducing threats to the network infrastructure. These mitigating controls can be found within standards, such as ISO/IEC 27001, and suggest measures to take in order to reduce risk to an organization’s assets. It is important to understand what each of these controls are in regards to risk management as well as the types of assessments used in determining the proper methods in protecting the infrastructure of any network. An asset is any tangible or intangible economic resource that can be owned or used to produce value. These range from hardware and software to personnel assets. Threats may be man-made, accidental or an act of nature, which can cause potential harm to the network. Mitigating controls are put in place to significantly reduce either the chance or penalties of a threat. Types of controls, that an admin can implement, are login identifiers, system and data audits, firewalls, encryption, and session timeouts. All of these controls help to prevent, defect, and correct the network from potential threats. Identifiers are simply authentication methods used to gain access to a network. Audits need to be completed to investigate the activities of personnel as well as identify the status of the overall network. Firewalls must be put in place to protect the network against unwanted users and bugs. Encryption should be used to ensure all data traffic is protected from prying eyes or individuals scanning the network for information they can steal or abuse. Lastly, a policy implementing session timeouts must be enforced to hold all users liable for not properly locking their computers when walking away from it. All of these controls ensure a greater protection not only for the network, but also for the information or data passing along its highways. Thank you for coming out, God bless†¦. Goodnight.

Eminem essays

Eminem essays For my research paper, I chose to write about Marshall Mathers. I chose to write about him because he is the best young rapper, and I like how he doesnt care what happens, he just goes with it. He isnt a very good role model, but he is funny, and couldnt care less what anybody says about him. He had a rough childhood that reflects to now, and makes great records and songs that describe his life and what has happened during it. Marshall Bruce Mathers III was born on October 17, 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri. He created his own nickname, Eminem, which is pronounced M When he was a child, he lived with his mother. His mothers name is Debbie Mathers-Briggs. Eminem has never even seen a picture of his father in his life. Eminem and his mother continued moving and never stayed in one place longer than six months. His mother worked very hard and many jobs to provide for herself and Marshall. When Eminem was in school, he used to get beat up every day. There wasnt one day when he didnt get beat up by the same group of kids, just for being himself. One day those kids almost killed him, and Eminem went into a coma. The day after he got out of the hospital, they moved again. Eminem continued to move back and forth from his mothers to his grandmothers, until the age of 11, when he and his mother settled in Detroit for good. Marshall first started to get into rap when he was 14. Some of his musical influences growing up were the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and Run DMC. As Eminem persued his rapping career, he would often hustle radio stations into playing his self-made tapes, to get some publicity over the radio waves. Marshall felt that his rapping career was starting to take off. He was getting some big calls to rap in major places and he thou...

Food safety management systems Essays

Food safety management systems Essays Food safety management systems Essay Food safety management systems Essay 1.1 Enterobacteriaceae An increased consciousness and a better apprehension of the nutrient industry and its associated hazards with microbiological taints have been the consequence of the broad usage of nutrient safety direction systems in Ireland. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) is the chief nutrient safety system used throughout nutrient industries. Although this system was introduced in the 1960 s it was merely in 1998 that the EU Hygiene of foodstuffs Regulations implemented this referential in all nutrient concerns in Europe ( Food Market Exchange 2001 ) . Microbiological controls are performed to guarantee the quality and safety of the nutrient merchandises. The patterned advance in scientific discipline and microbic engineering hold given a better apprehension of nutrient production, processing and saving and the nexus between the microscopic and macroscopic universe. This relation enables micro-organisms to be exhaustively examined and evaluated. Food borne unwellnesss are the mos t widespread public wellness jobs, making societal and economic loads along with human enduring. In order to seek cut downing the hazard of such unwellnesss and nutrient poisonings, hygiene steps are required in nutrient processing environments ( Microbiological hazard appraisal 2006 ) . The presence of Enterobacteriaceae in nutrient or food-contact surfaces in such environments serves as hygiene indexs. : Enterobacteriaceae are a big household of bacteriums that comprise of at least 34 genera, 149 species and 21 races. Cells are typically 0.3-1.8AÂ µm in length. ( Blackburn day of the month? ) They are rod shaped, Gram negative facultative anaerobes and are natural dwellers of bowels in both worlds and animate beings. They are found extensively throughout the dirt, H2O, on fruit, veggies and cereals. They play a considerable function in human wellness as many pathogens fall under this household which are known to do many infective diseases. Harmonizing to Kang et Al ( 2007 ) a minute sum of 10 settlement organizing units ( CFU s ) of peculiar micro-organisms can take to life endangering infections particularly in the immune-compromised. Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for typhoid disease while Escherichia coli is a common cause of stomach flu. ( Becker et al 2008 ) . Other Enterobacteriaceae associated diseases include infirmary acquired pneumonia, blood stream infections such as bacteraemia and blood poisoning, urinary piece of land infections and intra abdominal infections ( Denton 2007 ) . Enterobacteriaceae have been preponderantly associated with nutrient pathogen eruption. As discussed by Reilly et Al ( 1988 ) 224 eruptions of salmonellosis associated with domestic fowl meat were reported in Scotland entirely between 1980 and 1985. Among the 2245 people infected 12 died. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritis were the chief serotypes associated with the eruption. In recent old ages the serotype Enterobacter sakazakii now known as Cronobacter sakazakii been identified as an emerging pathogen. It has been found in infant milk expression and has been the cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis. It targets immune-compromised babies and those with a low birth weight. ( Van Acker et al 2000 ) In the 1920 s coli-aerogenes ( coliform ) group was indispensable as an index in the proof of equal processing processs in the dairy industry i.e. Pasteurization of dairy merchandises. It is apparent that since the 1950 s the full Enterobacteriaceae household has been preferred over other taxons as marker beings as they are known to be better defined when it comes to their finding and the household includes more beings of significance than other households. In the 1980 s Escherichia coli was foremost used as a mention being in the monitoring of imbibing H2O supplies. ( Mossel and Stryijk 1995 ) A microbic index harmonizing to Moore and Griffith ( 2000 ) is a microorganism that is an index for the possible presence of pathogens. 1.2 Adherence of Enterobacteriaceae to surfaces. The adhesion of micro-organisms to surfaces in the nutrient industry chiefly on treating equipment is one of the major concerns in the equal control of quality and safety of nutrient merchandises. If cleansing and sanitation are deficient, micro-organisms on the surface can last by the development of a biofilm. ( Ortega et al 2009 ) . A biofilm reduces susceptibleness to disinfectant and increases polysaccharide production. The happening of a biofilm can take to post processing taint taking to a lowered shelf life of a merchandise and the transmittal of diseases. In add-on it has been known to do mechanical obstruction, damage of heat transportation, addition in unstable frictional opposition and the corrosion of metal. ( Fuster-Valls et al 2007 ) To day of the month no ideal method for finding the cleanliness of surfaces has been available. The combination of ocular, non microbial and microbiological methods can take to an integrated cleansing monitoring scheme. ( Griffith et al 1997 ) . The ability to quantify micro-organisms on nutrient contact surfaces provides indispensable information for patterning consumer exposure from cross taint in the nutrient industry through nutrient production, nutrient conveyance and in nutrient service environments. Many infective bacteriums have been known to adhere to surfaces particularly unstained steel, glass and gum elastic. Stainless steel is used extensively throughout the nutrient processing and the nutrient conveyance industry. As described by Ortega et Al ( 2009 ) , unstained steel is most widely employed due to its mechanical strength, corrosion opposition and easiness of fiction . Despite looking smooth to the unaided oculus, when chromium steel steel is viewed under the microsco pe it is shown to be really unsmooth with many distinguishable defects. These defects are thought to harbor bacterial cells which with the add-on of H2O and foods would heighten the micro-organism s endurance ( Moore and Griffith 2002 ) . There have been limited surveies on the adhesion behavior on Escherichia coli on chromium steel steel. Ortega et Al ( 2009 ) stated 108cfu/ml of civilization on chromium steel steel for 2 H at 20Â °C was under the sensing bound. In contrast another survey suggested 105cfu/cm2 were found on chromium steel steel after vouchers were inoculated with 108cfu/ml at 4 Â °C for 24 H. 1.3 Sampling of surfaces with swabs and sponges. Harmonizing to Hall and Hartnett ( 1964 ) , a simple convenient sample process would be utile to trace path of infection , for the identification of human bearers, rating of decontamination processs and bacteriological surveillance of the environment which could hence take to in-service preparation of forces concerned with sanitation . Surface sampling is going progressively of import and legion probes have been afoot to happen a simple, dependable, bacteriological trial to find, quantitatively, the healthful quality of environmental, nutrient and hand-contact surfaces. ( Angelotti et al 1958 ) . Cleaning agendas in the nutrient industry are designed chiefly to cut down both nutrient dust and to decrease microorganisms to degrees that pose small or low hazard to both safety and the quality of the merchandise. ( Moore and Griffith 2002 ) Traditional swabs are made from a wooden or plastic shaft with cotton, rayon, Dacron, or alginate fibers which are spun organizing a bud at one terminal. Moore and Griffith ( 2007 ) discourse how the wetting agents applied to swabs have dramatic effects on the sum of bacteriums recovered from a surface. The chief points to be assessed in finding how effectual peculiar swab types are depend on the remotion of bacterial contaminations from a surface, the release of these bacteriums from the swab bud and the subsequent cultivation . It was found that cotton swabs absorbed more liquid than other swabs evaluated. When bacteriums were recovered from wet surfaces it was apparent that coppice textured, Rayon and Dacron tipped swabs removed a significantly fewer CFU s compared to the cotton swabs. It was shown how cotton swabs performed every bit every bit good when trying a dry surface. Moore and Griffith ( 2007 ) province that cotton swabs consist of a secondary wall that is made up of cellulose. This enables the cotton to swell when positioned in wetness to ensue in an increased soaking up of liquid together with bacteriums entrapped indoors. These positive features that enable cotton swabs to take high degrees of bacteriums from a surface are thought to impede the swabs release of the bacterium. It can be predicted that the usage of a swab with a hapless initial absorbency could later ensue in a higher overall bacterial recovery with the assistance of dilutants to ease bacterial release. Moore and Griffith ( 2007 ) besides discuss how it was apparent upon go forthing the swabs at room temperature for 24 H that the release of bacteriums from the cotton swab was greater than other swabs. It was apparent that the bacterium became entrapped within the cotton fibres hence protecting the bacterium and assisting to make a microenvironment enabling the bacterium to last. In contrast to Moore and Griffith ( 2007 ) statements, Copan Italia ( 2010 ) shows how unfastened cell froth swabs have good release of the bacteriums but demonstrated soaking up of 3-5 times less than in traditional fiber swabs due to their construction ( Figure 1 ) . The development of Flocked swabs which have good releasing belongingss and can absorb five times more than cell froth swabs are widely used in clinical nosologies but have nt been applied yet to the recovery of Enterobacteriaceae throughout the nutrient industry. 1.4 Biochemical trials for the sensing and quantification of Enterobacteriaceae and their restrictions. Current biochemical and civilization based checks tend to be cheap and comparatively simple nevertheless there are restrictions with such trials. One of the chief restrictions includes the length of clip that is needed for the sensing and numbering of bacteriums. False- positive consequences, the loss of viability of bacteriums from aggregation to its numbering and the deficiency of growing of feasible yet non cultural bacteriums have been associated with current biochemical and civilization based checks. ( Rosrak and Colwell 1987 ) Today the Gram discoloration process is of common usage in research labs as the first method of designation for a micro-organism. The method was originally published in 1883 by Hans Christian Gram. This technique nevertheless is nt ever demonstrative of true Gram nature. Some Gram positive bacteriums may stain Gram negative due to cell wall harm in the bacteriums by over exposure to O. ( Bahrani Mougeot et al 2008 ) Blackburn ( day of the month? ) stated that the proving for enteral pathogens such as Salmonella requires specific methods that are labour intensive and can take several yearss to finish. Furthermore, infective bacteriums in nutrient are frequently non homogeneously distributed and are present in low Numberss doing sensing hard. Many nutrient production sites chiefly prefer to prove for enteral pathogens in external research labs while the testing of E.coli and Enterobacteriaceae are routinely tested to supply convenient appraisal of possible fecal taint. Many methods published from International Organisation for Standardisation ( ISO ) methods are available, where many processs of sensing are quantitative. The bulk of nutrient makers impose acceptable bounds for a given micro-organism. The Most Probable Number ( MPN ) technique from ISO 4831:2006 ( ISO 2010 ) and plating utilizing pour or spread technique are chiefly used. Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar ( VRBGA ) and Violet Red Bile Agar ( VRBA ) incorporating lactose have been deemed the most popular media for analyzing nutrients for Enterobacteriaceae. Their sensing and numbering are based chiefly on their ability to bring forth acid and gas from the agitation of glucose and milk sugar which is detected by the pH index impersonal ruddy. An sheathing is recommended to guarantee agitation of the saccharides and to cut down the hazard of oxidization every bit good as bettering the specificity of these media and later cut downing intervention from background vegetations or motile strains ( Blackburn day of the month? ) . There has been grounds that non Enterobacteriaceae bacteriums can turn on VRBA and VRBGA hence proposing that this method can impede specificity. The growing of Aeromonas spp has been detected on VRBGA harmonizing to Petzel and Hartman ( 1985 ) and VRBGA has been seen to be insufficiently selective bespeaking 52.4 % of consequences obtaine d to be false- positive ( Wook Oh and Kang 2004 ) MPN methods can supply greater sensitiveness compared with plating techniques when the taint degrees are low. However if the concentration of taint is high the consequences show greater fluctuation and may take to false positive consequences. MPN technique consists of multiple tubings of different media including Buffer Peptone H2O, Enterobacteriaceae enrichment stock. ( See figure 2 ) Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase negative and this trial is used to prove for the presence of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase to corroborate presumptive settlements in correlativity with glucose agar trial which tests for agitation of glucose. If agitation occurs it consequences in abundant production of acerb terminal merchandises ensuing in a color alteration. This method required by ISO described by Rose et Al ( 1974 ) has low preciseness and inordinate clip is necessary for analysis runing from 5-7 yearss. APIa„? designation systems from Biomerieux are used widely throughout research labs. ID32E, is a standardized system in which the designation of Enterobacteriaceae and other not fastidious Gram negative bacteriums can be quickly identified. Many surveies have been reported utilizing API as method of designation including those of Drudy et Al ( 2006 ) and Galani et Al ( 2007 ) . The API/ID32E sensing kit is the most extended of the scope of API merchandises available. It includes 15 designation systems covering all groups of bacteriums encountered in industrial microbiological research labs ( BioMerieux, 2010 ) . The dependability of APIa„? designation systems it used throughout industries. Janda et Al ( 2001 ) stated nevertheless that the trials included in the API 20E strip in 1975 were still the same in 2001 even if the Numberss of taxons in the Enterobacteriaceae household has increased well between those old ages. The ready to utilize Petrifilm system has been released by 3M health care for the sensing of foodborne pathogens. It s easy to utilize technique comprises a selective media under a transparent movie ( 3M health care ) . The media is hydrated by the add-on of bacterial suspension and after incubation seeable settlements can be counted. ( Blackburn? ? ) Despite this method being speedy and convenient, Petrifilm systems are expensive. Restrictions of this technique discussed by Mueller et Al ( 2009 ) show that some settlements shown on Petrifilm are excessively little to see from bare oculus. Therefore the usage of magnification for accurate visual image is required. It was shown that some beings can liquefy the gel on the movie leting spreading of growing and subsequent harm to other bing settlements supplying a lower count of settlements. Standard methods such as conventional civilization and biochemical based checks used to recite necessitate 18-24 H for consequences to be obtained. Progresss in modern molecular biological science have seen the development of molecular checks such as the polymerase concatenation reaction ( PCR ) that have become highly dependable and important in the sensing of bacterial species ( Khan et al 2007 ) . 1.5 Alternate DNA- based method for the sensing and quantification of Enterobacteriaceae 1.51 DNA extraction The rules of DNA extraction as discussed by Jordan ( 2008 ) include the debasement of microbic cell wall to let go of the Deoxyribonucleic acid and to sufficiently take sample constituents which can cut down assay efficiency and degrade the Deoxyribonucleic acid. Due to the complexness of nutrients matrices there are many inhibitors of DNA extraction including saccharides, fats, proteins, metal ions, phenoplasts and cell dust. 1.52 Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) is one of the most widely used molecular biological science techniques in the research lab. This is due to its specificity, flexibleness, singular velocity and its resiliency ( Mc Pherson et Al 1995 ) . PCR was developed in the 1980 s and the technique has been continuously improved and modified to spread out its versatility and pertinence . This Deoxyribonucleic acid based method has become an indispensable and day-to-day performed experimental technique in many research Fieldss and clinical research labs to observe infective agents, to magnify familial stuffs from limited volumes of DNA sample ( AÂ µl ) and for cloning for sensing of familial look degrees. ( Yang et al 2005 ) . PCR is utile for both the diagnosing and direction of a assortment of infective diseases. ( Louis et al. , 2000 ) PCR Mix: PCR mix is made up of DNA polymerase, a forward and a contrary primer, bases, a DNA Target and PCR buffer with MgCl2. PCR stairss PCR elaboration can turn a few molecules of a specific mark nucleic acid into a mcg of DNA. Roche PCR Applications Manual ( 2006 ) explained how the procedure of PCR occurs in three chief stairss of 1 ) Denaturation, 2 ) Annealing and 3 ) Extension with the usage of temperature cycling ( figure 3 ) . Denaturation occurs at 90Â °C when heat separates double stranded DNA into two individual strands. Since the H bonds associating the bases to one another are weak they break at such high temperatures, whereas the bonds between the deoxyribose and phosphates which are strong covalent bonds remain integral. The end of PCR procedure is non to retroflex the full strand of Deoxyribonucleic acid but to retroflex a mark sequence of about 100-35,000 base brace that is alone to the being. Primers are used to specify the terminals of that sequence. Primers are short, man-made sequences of single- stranded DNA typically dwelling of 20-30 bases. The annealing measure takes topographic point between 40Â °C to 65Â °C depending on the length on the length and sequence of the primers. This allows the primers to temper specifically to the mark sequence. Once the primers anneal to the complementary DNA sequences, the temperature is raised to about 72Â °C and DNA polymerase begins to synthesise new dual stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules that are indistinguishable to the original mark DNA. It does this by easing the binding and connection of complementary bases that are free in solution ( dNTPs ) . Synthesis ever begins at the 3 terminal of the primer and returns entirely in the 5 to 3 way. The new synthesis efficaciously extends the primers, making a complementary two-base hit stranded molecule from a single-stranded templet. After the PCR procedure is complete, cataphoresis must be completed in order to For the sensing of bacteriums within nutrients the mechanism of PCR has proved to be really effectual. Low degrees of 3cells of Campylobacter were found in meat samples utilizing this technique ( Waage et al 1999 ) . However During PCR elaboration, short Deoxyribonucleic acid sequences are copied at each rhythm. Theoretically the sum of Deoxyribonucleic acid at each rhythm should duplicate at each rhythm, ensuing in an exponential elaboration of the initial mark DNA. Fraga et Al ( 2009 ) demo how this is potentially true during the early phases of the reaction when the constituents present in PCR are in huge extra compared to the mark sequence. As the merchandise accumulates, the substrates become low ensuing in suppression. In order to look at the efficiency of the reaction, PCR can be divided into three distinguishable stages: exponential, additive and tableland. The first stage is exponential stage in which the reaction is 100 % efficient with the doubling of merchandise at each rhythm. As the amplicon exponentially accumulates in measure the PCR constituents are used up and the primers begin to vie with the amplicon and the reaction efficiency later decreases. As the reaction slows down the additive stage begins. The merchandise formed in this stage is extremely variable due to the rate at which peculiar constituents are depleted and the accretion of merchandises. The tableland stage is when the reaction Michigans due to depletion of substrates and the suppression of merchandises. There is an highly big difference between the additive stage and the concluding sum of merchandise produced. In conventional PCR, sensing of PCR merchandise is completed late in the additive stage or at plateau stage. As seen in figure 5 there can be a distinguishable difference in the two stages demoing that conventional PCR is variable when it comes to quantitative consequences. 1.42 Real clip PCR The development of existent clip quantitative PCR ( QPCR ) presents more rapid, specific and quantitative numbering of peculiar mark cistrons as they are amplified in existent clip. In existent clip PCR the sum of merchandise formed is monitored during the class of the reaction by supervising the fluorescence of dyes or investigations introduced into the reaction that is relative to the sum of merchandise formed, and the figure of elaboration rhythms required to obtain a peculiar sum of DNA molecules is registered. ( Kubista et al 2006 ) . Real clip PCR checks are characterized by a broad scope of quantification of 7-8 logarithmic decennaries, high proficient sensitiveness, high preciseness and it does nt necessitate any station PCR steps hence the hazard of taint is reduced. ( Klein D 2002 ) Real clip PCR processs follow the same rules of conventional PCR in the readying of mixes and cycling of temperature. This rapid sensing method uses a sensing format, normally a fluorescent dye that binds to the PCR merchandise. The sum of fluorescence generated is relative to the sum of PCR merchandise formed. Initially the signal is weak and hence indistinguishable from the background but as the PCR merchandise accumulates, the fluorescence can be acquired by the existent clip PCR device. A threshold line is developed by the existent clip device and the CT value is determined. CT value is the figure of rhythms required to make fluorescent threshold. Real clip PCR generates a CT value for each DNA sample which is hence relative to the transcript figure DNA. Normally used fluorescent Reporters SYBR Green 1. Asymmetric cyanine dyes such as SYBR Green 1 have two aromatic systems incorporating N, one that is positively charged connected by a methine span. The dye has virtually no fluorescence when free in solution due to quivers prosecuting both aromatic systems, which convert electronic excitement energy into heat that dissipates to the environing dissolver. When the dyes bind with DNA they emit fluorescence. ( Nygren et al 1998 ) As disussed by LightCycler Rea clip PCR Systems ( 2009 ) , SYBR Green binds to all double stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules irrespective of the sequence. When it comes into contact with dual stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid its fluorescence additions significantly. Harmonizing to Monis et Al ( 2005 ) SBYR Green 1 has a restriction in dye stableness and dye dependent PCR suppression and the selective sensing of amplicons during DNA runing curve analysis. HYBRIDISATION PROBES HYDROLYSIS PROBES TAQMAN PROBES LUX PRIMERS SYBR Green 1 is normally used in existent clip PCR. However, these asymmetric dyes nevertheless are considered sequence non-specific newsmans in real-time PCR. They tend to breathe fluorescence signal to all double stranded DNA even unwanted primer-dimer merchandises. Primer dimer merchandises interfere with the formation of specific merchandises due to competition of the two reagents and may take to wrong readings. Melting curve analysis can easy recognize primer-dimer formation. Temperature is increased and fluorescence is measured as a map of temperature. As temperature additions, fluorescence lessenings due to increased thermic gesture. When dual stranded DNA separates an disconnected bead in the fluorescent signal occurs. Since primer-dimers are shorter and they tend to run at a lower temperature, they are easy recognised in runing curve analysis. Light Upon Extension ( LUX primer ) : based on oligonucleotides labelled with a individual fluorophore. They do non necessitate a quencher mediety includes a single-labeled primer with a FAM fluorophore at the 3 terminal in a hairpin construction and a corresponding unlabelled primer, designed to amply the 5 terminal of the cistron encoding the S protein ofTGEV. The constellation of the labelled primer enables the fluorescence slaking capableness. When the primer is incorporated into double-stranded RT-PCR merchandise, the fluorophore is dequenched, ensuing in a important addition in fluorescent signal Unlike the current good known real-time engineering that relies on a man-made DNA investigation labeled with two different fluorescent dyes, LUX primers engineering does non necessitate an expensive investigation so is more suited for everyday research lab diagnosing. What a LUX check demands is a specific primer set with a individual labeled, self-quenched primer and a corresponding unlabelled one, it is more dependable than the real-time method usingDNA bindingdyes that may bring forth potentially deceptive consequences due to the deficiency of specificity of the dyes. A old survey besides indicates that the LUX primers engineering is dependable for quantitation of cistron look and the consequence is similar to the probe-based quantitative check ( Brian et al. , 2003 ) . LUX fluorogenic primers can be designed and ordered via online package. The LUX check besides has the advantage of addition velocity and is less arduous over the gel-based RT-PCR technique that is presently the everyday cistron analysis tool forTGEV. The LUX assay took less than an hr to finish the elaboration reaction and the procedure was viewed in existent clip, while conventional RT-PCR methods normally take more than 1h for cistron elaboration and half an hr or more to run the gel and analyze the consequence. The advantage of velocity of the LUX check is more evident when compared to other everyday diagnostic methods for TGE Furthermore, the LUX check is closed-tube and one-step technique, which reduces the hazard of taint and reaction variableness. This sensitive and specific trial complements bing cistron methods for the sensing ofTGEV. The method shall turn out to be a valuable tool in the research lab diagnosing ofTGEV, particularly as a agency of corroborating positive consequences from serological trials. LUX primers engineering supports manifold elaboration ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.invitrogen.com/lux ) that makes observing different pathogens in a individual check possible. By utilizing two sets of primers, each labeled with a different dye, a individual LUX check can observe two different viruses. LUX primers are compatible with a broad assortment of real-time PCR instruments ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.invitrogen.com/lux ) . More checks can be developed for the sensing of other pathogens. By cut downing the cost of real-time cistron sensing and with high public presentation, LUX fluorogenic primers engineering may has the possible to be used widely in the field ofanimal diseasesurveillance and control every bit good as import and export carnal quarantine direction. Advantages of utilizing DNA for microbic Testing Deoxyribonucleic acid is stable and unswayed by environmental factors while being independent from bacterial fundamental law doing consequences conclusive non subjective. It is accurate due to species specific mark sequence which is unattainable with cultural methods and public presentation controls can be added. There are good established DNA sensing methods available which enable fast sensing. Reliable industry of primers and investigations. 2.1 Preparation of Deoxyribonucleic acid from bacterial strains The undermentioned Enterobacteriaceae strains were obtained ( MicroBioLogics Inc, Minnesota, USA ) Escherichiacoli ( ATCC 11775 ) , Serratiamarcescens ( ATCC 13880 ) , Enterobacteraerogenes ( ATCC 13048 ) , Salmonella typhimurium ( ATCC 13311 ) Erwinia persicina ( ATCC 1381 ) Shigella flexneri ( ATCC 9199 ) Klebsiella pneumonia ( ATCC 700603 ) , Yersinia enterocolitica ( ATCC 9610 ) Listeria monocytogenes ( ATCC 19115 ) , Vibrio parahaemoliticus ( ATCC 17802 ) , Aeromonas hydrophila ( ATCC 7966 ) and Campylobacter jejuni ( ATCC 29428 ) . The University of Limerick supplied the strains Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus Mirabilis. The National Collection of Type Cultures ( Health Protection Agency Culture Collections, Salisbury, UK ) supplied Staphylococcus aureus ( NCTC 8325 ) . All strains of bacteriums were stored on Protect beads 109 ( LangenBach services Ltd, Dublin, Ireland ) at -20Â °C until cultivation. All Enterobacteriaceae strai ns grown on alimentary agar ( NA ) ( Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK ) at 37Â °C for 24hr AÂ ± 2 hour except Erwinia persicina which was grown at 30Â °C, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus grown at 37Â °C. Vibrio parahaemoliticus grown at 35Â °C on Trypic soybean agar ( TSA ) ( Oxoid ) Confirmation and Identification of the mention micro-organism E coli. The designation of Escherichia coli ( ATCC 11755 ) was verified by the undermentioned biochemical trials. The Gram discoloration process was applied to a settlement from the fresh civilization on NA. Oxidase trial was carried out utilizing oxidase strips ( bioTRADING, Dublin, Ireland ) . A positive control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a negative control of Staphylococcus aureus were used to corroborate the dependability of the trial. API designation utilizing ID 32E was carried out harmonizing to maker s instructions ( BioMerieuxAÂ ®S.A, Craponne, France ) and identified utilizing the package Apiweb ( BioMerieux ) 2.2 Preparation of bacterial suspension. Pre-cultures were prepared by infixing a loop full of bacterial settlement into Nutrient Broth ( Oxoid ) with incubation of 37Â °C for all Enterobacteriaceae with the exclusion of Erwinia persicina which was grown at 30Â °C, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus grown at 37Â °C. A loop full of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown at 35Â °C on Tryptic Soya Broth ( TSB ) ( Oxoid ) In peculiar the growing of Escherichia coli in alimentary stock was studied by mensurating the optical denseness and home base numeration. Spectrophotometric measurings were obtained at 600nm utilizing ( insert name here ) .Optical denseness was acquired every 30min from 0min to 4h 30min 2.3 Usual spiking of vouchers and recovery by swobing. Stainless steel vouchers of class 304 were obtained. Regions to be spiked with Escherichia coli were indicated utilizing a templet ( ) ( 10cm x 10cm ) . Each voucher was spiked by pipetting 100AÂ µl of Escherichia coli civilization onto the surface and utilizing a spreader ( ) . After allocated clip ( 0min 30min or 60min ) , vouchers were swabbed utilizing cotton swab. Each voucher was swabbed twice: horizontally and vertically. Each swab was cut and placed into the interior tubing of swab extraction tubing system ( SETS ) ( Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany ) .Each aggregation tubing was later centrifuged at 10000g for 10min ( Sigma1-15 ) . Then the inner tubings and the supernatants were discarded. Pellets were re-suspended in 250AÂ µl Ringer one-fourth strength solution ( Oxoid ) . Dilution series in one-fourth strength toller solution were prepared, plated out on alimentary agar and incubated 18-24h at 37Â °C. 2.4 Study of the release of Bacteria from different swabs and sponges. Comparative survey of the recovery of Escherichia coli cells was performed utilizing cotton, rayon and alginate swabs. ( Copan Italia S.p.A, Brescia, Italy ) . 100AÂ µl of 18h Escherichia coli civilization were deposited straight onto each swab. Swabs were cut and placed into SETS tubes. Tubes were centrifuged at 10000 g for 10 min. Pellets were re-suspended with 200AÂ µl of quarter-strength Ringer Solution ( Oxoid ) . Dilution series were made and 100 AÂ µl of diluted sample were plated onto alimentary agar home bases ( Oxoid ) that were incubated at 37Â °C for 24 H. Large sponges ( Medical Supply Co Ltd, Dublin, Ireland ) were tested to retrieve bacteriums from surfaces by swobing after allocated clip ( 0 min, 30 min, 60 min ) . Each sponge impregnated with 10ml Maximal Recovery Diluent ( MRD ) ( Oxoid ) was inserted into a stomacher bag ( ) supplemented with 100ml of MRD and stomached utilizing stomacher ( ) for 120 s at high power. Dilution series were made and 100AÂ µl of diluted sample was plated onto alimentary agar home bases ( Oxoid ) that were incubated at 37Â °C for 24 H 2.5 Detection and Quantification of feasible bacteriums from surfaces. Plate numeration expression was obtained as per ISO 4833:1991 ( Harrigan W.F 1998 ) which has since been renewed to ISO 4833:2003 Microbiology of nutrient and animate being eating materials Horizontal method for the numbering of micro-organisms Colony-count technique . The home base numeration expression was? c/ ( n1 + 0.1 n2 ) vitamin D where? degree Celsius was the amount of all settlements counted on all dishes, n1 was the figure of dishes in 1st dilution, n2 was figure of dishes in 2nd dilution and vitamin D represented the dilution. Miles and Misra method as per Harrigan W.F ( 1998 ) was used in peculiar when proving recovery of Escherichia coli from the big sponges. 2.10 Bacterial designation of bacteriums in the suspension used to make the unreal nutrient environment on surfaces. The suspension was prepared from 34 swabs samples that were collected from nutrient contact surfaces in Dawn Fresh Food Company, Fethard, Co. Tipperary. Each swab was assorted with 0.1 % peptone H2O ( Oxoid ) and the suspension were pooled together to make one chief suspension that was assorted with half volume glycerol 50 % ( Sigma Aldricha„? Inc ) . This suspension was aliquoted into 1ml eppendorf tubings and maintain in at -80Â °C. A entire feasible count was determined by utilizing the Miles and Misra method and later by home base numeration following a dilution series of bacterial suspension. The sensing of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and the Enterobacteriaceae were targeted. In the instance of Listeria monocytogenes 1ml of sample was dispensed into 9ml Buffer Peptone H2O ( Oxoid ) . Incubate 37Â °C for 18-24hours. After 24 H transportation 10ml from tubing into 90ml of Listeria Enrichment stock ( Oxoid ) , incubate for 48 H at 30Â °C guaranting agitation. After 48 h a loop full of solution was streaked on a Listeria agar home base ( Oxoid ) and incubated for 48 H at 30Â °C. Listeria Petrifilm ( 3Ma„? , Dublin, Ireland ) was used following maker s instructions. For the designation of Staphylococcus 100AÂ µl of unreal nutrient environment was plated on baird Parker agar ( Oxoid ) administering the organic burden throughout the home base utilizing a spreader and incubated at 37Â °C for 48 h. After 48 h agglomeration was tested utilizing PastorexAÂ ® Staph Plus trial. ( Biorad ) . Catalase activity was tested by the add-on of H2O2 ( ) . Each suspected Staphylococcus aureus settlement was placed in 1ml of toller solution that was later pipetted on to Staph Petri movie ( 3Ma„? ) . Petri movie was placed in brooder for 24 H at 37 Â °C. Enterobacteriaceae was detected utilizing most likely figure ( MPN ) See appendix. 2.6 DNA extraction: For specificity for PCR checks, bacterial pellets were obtained antecedently from civilizations in exponential growing stage were used with the exclusion of Camplyobacter jejuni. One settlement of C.jejuni was resuspended in 0.1 % Peptone H2O ( Oxoid ) and centrifuged at 5000 g for 5 min. For the quantification of bacteriums from surfaces, pellets were recovered from SETS after centrifugation of 1ml of civilization at 5000 g for 5 min. A rapid purification of DNA samples utilizing DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit ( Qiagen, West Sussex, UK ) was preformed following maker s instructions. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted, purified and later quantified utilizing Nanodrop ND 1000 spectrophotometer ( ThermoScentific, Wilmington, USA ) Deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations were adjusted to 1ng per 2AÂ µl 2.7 Choice of Primer sets. 2.7-1 ENT Primers ENT primers developed by Nakano et Al ( 2003 ) and designed to temper to the 16S rRNA cistron of Escherichia coli. The sequence of the forward primer: 5GTTGTAAAGCACTTTCAGTGGTGAGGAAGG 3was 425 through 454 in the E. coli 16S rDNA while the sequence of the contrary primer 5GCCTCAAGGGCACAACCTCCAAG 3 had places 826 through 848 in the E.coli 16S rDNA. ENT primers expected to take to formation of 419-425 bp of PCR merchandise. 2.7-2 IEC primers: IEC primers as described by Khan et Al ( 2007 ) are oligonucleotide primer braces derived from the distal and proximal conserved flanking parts of the16S rRNA cistron, the Internal Transcribed Spacer ( ITS ) part and the 23S rRNA.IEC frontward primer 5CAATTTTCGTGTCCCCTTCG 3 and change by reversal primer 5GTTAATGATAGTGTGTGTCGAAAC 3 had expected PCR merchandise length of 450bp. 2.8 PCR Conditionss For a individual PCR 25 AÂ µl PCR reaction, PCR maestro mixes were prepared with unfertile DNA H2O, PCR buffer 2mM MgCl2, 25mM MgCl2, a dNTP mixture ( dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP ) , frontward primer, change by reversal primer, DNA polymerase and 2AÂ µl of peculiar DNA. PCR was carried out on G-STORM GS2 Thermal Cycler. ( Familial Research Instrumental Ltd, Braintree, UK ) . The elaboration conditions were as follow: stopping point palpebra and heated to 111Â °C, 95Â °C for 6 min, bacterial rhythm start of 28ycles, denaturation measure of 95AÂ °C for 30 s, tempering temp between gradient of 56-62AÂ °C depending on primer type for 15 s, elongation for 30 s at 72Â °C. End rhythm with elongation for farther 7 min at 72Â °C. Cycle was repeated 30 times. 2 % Agarose gel ( Biosciences, Dun Laoghaire, Ireland ) pre-stained with SYBR Safea„? ( Molecular Probes, Eugene, USA ) cataphoresis was run in Tris ethanoate EDTA ( TAE ) . ( Sigma Aldricha„? Inc, Saint Louis, USA ) with Amplisize ( Biorad, Hercules, USA ) as a molecular marker runing from 50 to 2000 bp. The gel was examined in G-BOX ( Syngenes, Cambridge, UK ) under UV visible radiation. Recovery of E coli in the presence of an unreal nutrient environment Innoculum was prepared with pre-culture at the exponential stage when the concentration was 108cfu/ml. 100AÂ µl was pipetted onto chromium steel steel vouchers incorporating different concentrations of unreal nutrient environment ( high, medium or low concentrations ) . After allocated clip ( 0 min, 30 min, 60 min ) vouchers were swabbed at 90Â °angle. Swabs were cut into SETS ( Roche Applied Science ) and centrifuged for 10 min at 6000g. Pellet was re-suspended with 150AÂ µl toller solution leting 50AÂ µl for EMA intervention and 50AÂ µl for home base numeration. Preparation of Propidium monoazide ( PMA ) PMA dissolved in 20 % DMSO to obtain a stock concentration of 20nM and stored at -20Â °C off from the visible radiation. 1.25AÂ µl PMA solution added to 500AÂ µl of civilization aliquots to give a concluding concentration of 50nM following the incubation period of 5minutes in the dark with occasional commixture to let the PMA to perforate the dead cells and to adhere to the DNA. Samples are so put in ice and placed 20cm from 500W halogen visible radiation beginning for 15minutes. Samples centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 proceedingss. Samples washed with NaCl ( ) and MilliQ H2O ( ) in order to take the inactivated PMA. Bibliography. Angelotti R, Foter M.J, Busch K.A, Lewis K.H ( 1958 ) . 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